Tutorials

After discussing the features and architecture of USB, let’s move on to its protocol. A USB interface has several layers of protocol. Most of the time the lower level layers are single handled by host controller IC while the end designer needs to work on higher level layers. Every communication protocol involves the exchange of packets. Same is the case with USB. These packets encapsulate information in a standard-defined organized manner. These packets generally contain information related to- Controlling the data exchange, Data exchange in the form of actual payload, and Error detection and correction through the status check up. In USB the LSB of the packet is transmitted first. A USB packet contains different fields.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is the de facto interface for computer peripherals to communicate with the personal computers. The interface that saw the light of day around the mid-1990s was a joint effort of seven companies – Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nortel, and NEC. These companies were aiming to replace the then parallel ports and the external power chargers with a universal communication standard that could simplify data exchange and could double duty to supply power as well.Nowadays, USB is the standard and must-have interface on almost all motherboards, single board computers and the embedded microcontroller boards and almost every digital peripheral from regular computer peripherals like keyboard, mouse and joysticks to smart digital devices.

NOVOSENSE Microelectronics has introduced a new line of third-generation digital isolators for automotive applications. The NSI83xx series uses capacitive isolation technology and is engineered for use in high-frequency switching environments that employ silicon carbide (SiC) devices. These isolators feature enhanced resilience against electrical overstress (EOS) and are designed to reduce susceptibility to power noise, which…

The MIPI Alliance has released a significant update to its C-PHY interface specification designed for connecting cameras and displays in mobile and mobile-influenced industries. Version 3.0 introduces an 18-Wirestate mode encoding option that increases the maximum performance of a C-PHY lane by approximately 30 to 35 percent, delivering up to 75 Gbps over a short…

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. Follow the full series here. In the previous Verilog Tutorial – 10, we designed half and full-adder circuits in Verilog. In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program that builds half and full-subtractor circuits Verify the output waveform of the program…

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. Follow the full series here. In the previous tutorial, VHDL Tutorial – 9, we learned how to build digital circuits using Boolean equations. In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program that builds half and full-adder circuits Verify the output…

In the previous tutorial, ESP8266 module was used to design a Home Area Network to control an LED light from a remote PC. The PC client was used to send control signals to switch on and off the LED light in the Home Area Network. In this tutorial, the ESP module will be interfaced with DHT-11 temperature sensor and temperature  data will be sent to the PC client for real-time temperature monitoring. In this project, instead of LED, the DHT-11 sensor will be interfaced with the ESP8266 on ESP Client side.

In the previous Verilog tutorial, we learned how to build various logic gates — such as AND, OR, NOR, and NOT — using only the NOR gates in Verilog. As such, we demonstrated that NOR is a universal gate. (If you haven’t been following this Verilog tutorial series in order, we recommend reviewing the previous…

In the previous Verilog tutorial, we learned how to implement various logic gates, including AND, OR, NOR, and NOT, using only NAND gates in Verilog, demonstrating that NAND is a universal gate. (If you haven’t been following this Verilog tutorial series in order, we recommend reviewing the previous tutorials before proceeding with this one. View…

In tutorial 5 of this series, we built NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates using AND, OR, and NOT gates in Verilog. (If you haven’t been following along, we highly recommend reviewing the previous tutorials before proceeding with this one. The first tutorial starts here.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program to design…

In the previous Verilog tutorial, we designed and simulated all seven basic logic gates (including, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR) in Verilog. (If you haven’t been following this VHDL tutorial series step by step, it’s recommended to start here, and review the previous tutorials before continuing.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a…

In previous Verilog tutorials (especially Tutorial 3), we learned how to design, simulate, and verify digital circuits using Altera’s MAX+II VHDL/Verilog simulator software. (If you haven’t been following this series sequentially, be sure to review the previous tutorials before proceeding.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program to build various digital logic gates. Simulate…

In the previous two tutorials, we covered the basics of Verilog and explored several example programs using different modeling styles. In this tutorial, we will focus on how to simulate and verify Verilog programs. To edit, compile, execute (simulate), or verify a Verilog program, you will need a software tool like Xilinx’s ISE, Mentor Graphics’…

Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) first standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1995. It plays an essential role in electronic design automation (EDA) tools for designing and documenting digital systems. Verilog is extensively used in the design and verification of digital circuits at various abstraction levels, from the…

In the previous tutorial, we covered the fundamentals of Verilog, VLSI design flow, and various Verilog modeling styles, including modules and data types. Now, it’s time to dive into the Verilog programming. In this tutorial, we’ll present basic Verilog programs for popular digital circuits. Before we begin, it’s worth reviewing the prerequisites for Verilog programming,…

Raspberry Pi is currently the most widely used single-board computer in the world. Launched in October 2023, Raspberry Pi 5 is the latest version of the development board, offering more significant computing power, an enhanced GPU, and faster memory than its predecessors. Among single-board computers, Raspberry Pi remains the most ubiquitous, outpacing alternatives like BeagleBone,…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed working with a capacitor, characteristics of a capacitor, various types of capacitors, and selecting a capacitor for a given circuit. As we have learned, typical commercial capacitors have their capacitance in Picofarad, Nanofarad or Microfarad range. The maximum capacitance that these capacitors can provide is 1 Farad. If the…

In the previous article, we looked at various types of capacitors. Now, let us discuss selecting a capacitor for a given application. Generally, selecting a capacitor is not a daunting task unless you have specific circuit requirements. Engineers often have a nominal capacitance derived for a circuit at hand or have to use capacitance with…

In the previous tutorial, we learned about the practical construction of a capacitor and the different technical aspects associated with a standard capacitor. Let us now discuss different types of commercial capacitors and the practical technical specifications associated with them. This will help immensely in choosing the suitable capacitor for a given application. The capacitors…

In the previous tutorial, we learned about signal behavior and the role of a capacitor in a circuit. A capacitor stores electrical charge in the form of the electrostatic field in response to an applied voltage. It charges whenever the applied voltage increases (relative to the current-voltage across the capacitor) by allowing a charging current…